Obesity is a complex health condition that involves having an excessive amount of body fat. It is diagnosed when someone's body mass index (BMI) is 30 or higher. BMI is calculated using a person's weight and height - it approximates body fat and health risks.
When it comes to obesity causes, it generally boils down to an energy imbalance. This means the calories consumed are greater than the calories expended through physical activity and normal bodily functions over an extended period of time. But there are many factors that affect this balance:
- Genetics - Some people inherit genes from their parents that increase their risk of becoming obese. Genes can impact appetite hormones, metabolism, distribution of body fat, and other factors.
- Diet - Regularly eating more calories than needed leads to weight gain over time. Calorie-dense foods that are high in fat and added sugars tend to promote overeating.
- Physical activity - People who are less active burn fewer calories. A sedentary lifestyle is a major risk factor for obesity.
- Medications - Some medications such as steroids, antidepressants, seizure medications, and antipsychotics may lead to weight gain. Always discuss medication side effects with a doctor.
- Psychological factors - Issues like depression, anxiety, emotional trauma, or eating disorders can negatively impact eating habits and promote obesity. Stress and lack of sleep have also been linked.
- Environment - Factors like limited access to healthy foods, increased portion sizes, and busy schedules can make healthy choices more difficult. The modern food environment promotes overconsumption.
The health risks associated with obesity are numerous. Excess body fat stresses the heart, lungs, muscles, joints, and metabolism. Some common obesity complications include:
- Type 2 diabetes
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol and triglycerides
- Heart disease and strokes
- Sleep apnea
- Osteoarthritis
- Certain cancers
- Gallstones
- Fatty liver disease
Luckily, obesity is largely preventable through lifestyle changes. Eating a balanced, reduced-calorie diet full of fruits, vegetables, lean proteins and whole grains can help manage weight. Regular exercise - both cardio and strength training - maximizes calorie burn. Behavioral therapy, stress management, and adequate sleep also support weight loss.
For those struggling with severe obesity, medication or bariatric surgery may be options, but always discuss thoroughly with a doctor first. *